Between Logic and Heuristic :: Calculus Mathematics Essays

Between Logic and Heuristic* ABSTRACT: This article aims to construct a new type of logical calculi-logical heuristic calculus which contains the means of reducing complete search. Such a heuristic component of calculus is reached with the help of meta-level means. The principal means for reducing search is structural information about information about contrary literals of formula. There are two major approaches to studying the process of reasoning ( «problem-solving »). On one hand, it is necessary to discover and investigate correct modes of reasoning in which the property of  «truth » is preserved. This task which can be formulated as the question  «what is a correct reasoning (proof)? » is considered in Logic. In order to decide this problem, Logic is based upon the concept of  «logical form ». There is a special syntactical method to deal with this concept—the method of construction of a logical calculus. In this respect, the calculus in question is a  «black box » which guarantees the  «true » conclusion under the  «true » premisses. Thus, Logic (logical form) gives the answer for the question about correct reasoning—  «the correct reasoning is a proof ». But logical syntax, as a  «black box »Ã¢â‚¬â€ calculus, isn’t interested in the real process of derivation building, in studying the question about methods of proof-search, in studying and construction a more manageable and efficient machin ery of  «truth » preserving. Availability of any method of exhaustive (complete) search, e.g.  «British museum algorithm », is quite enough for Logic (logical form). On the other hand, the process of  «problem-solving » can be investigated in the light of the following question:  «how is it possible to build a piece of correct reasoning? ». This task is considered in Heuristic. Heuristic investigates general principles and methods of  «problem-solving ». Computer Heuristic (computer heuristic method) is a system of rules (a rule) for essential reducing the complete search, i.e. heuristic methods are opposed to exhaustive search methods. The area of intersection of Logic and Computer Heuristic is proof-seach theory (PST), which investigates possible methods of  «problem-solving » ( «how is it possible to build a proof? ») in some calculus. PST deals with the heuristic component of proof systems. More precisely, the aim of proof-search theory can be defined as follows:  «discovering, on the basis of a calculus and an entity in the calculus in question of the structure of a possible derivation of this entity, a derivation which is interesting in some respect ».(1) Thus, proof-search theory can be included into the logical pragmatic (look at Fig.

Interpreting Financial Reports

Companies like ABC SDN BHD, a corporation in Malaysia prepare and furnish financial statements on a regular basis for the purpose of providing stakeholders reports of the company’s financial standing. However, accounting is not easy to analyze regarding how a particular company is doing financially in relation to others in the industry. One of the best ways to compare two businesses is to perform a ratio analysis on the company’s financial statements. A ratio analysis is commonly use in financial statements that looks at various numbers, such as net profit or total expenses and analyze the relationship between each other.According to Parrino, financial ratios are used in financial analysis to eliminate problems caused by comparing two or more companies of different size or when looking at the same company over time as the size changes (p. 85) Financial Ratios are grouped by their purpose but the most common ratios are Liquidity, Debt, Turnover, and Profitability. The ke y users of financial ratios have variations. Short-term creditors may use liquidity ratio. Potential lenders or existing lenders may use leverage ratio, and top corporations may use turnover ratio.Investors and stockholders may be more interested with profitability ratio to get their information. The two most common Liquidity Ratio are Current and Quick Ratio. Inventory Turnover Ratio, Accounts Receivable Turnover or Total Asset Turnover ratios can be used to determine a company’s turnover or efficiency ratio. To determine a company’s leverage, the Debt Ratio or the Debt-to-Equity Ratio is the preferred tool to use. The Return on Assets Ratio can determine the profitability of the company,The financial highlight of ABC SDN BHD, a corporation in Malaysia describes profitability, liquidity, assets, and capital. The company’s profitability shows a decrease in turnover, recovery of earnings, and lower cost of sales but higher total operating expenses. The companyâ⠂¬â„¢s liquidity shows a satisfactory liquidity standing and experienced cash flow inflexibility. The company’s asset management shows a reduced efficiency of the management of units and assets, lengthened collection but shortened payment periods, and a good inventory control.The company’s capital structure and solvency undertaken a much greater current liabilities than long-term liabilities to finance its operation, and the current liabilities are reported to be rising. There is a lower leveraged for the group more dependent on equity than debt to fund its assets. Through financial statements, a company can compare and rate their performance with related industry. The key is to select companies to invest in and compare rate of returns, future terms, and evaluate potency and weak points.Comparative study of ratios and benchmark are useful for investors and management. Management can use it to get information for future decision-making process, and investors can analyze related risk. According to Northwest Farm Credit Service, a ratio greater than 1. 50 is considered good, between 1. 00 and 1. 50 is descent, and less than 1. 00 is not promising. Equivalent to at least 20 % of total annual operating expenses is fakir for debt to assets ratio and should be less than 30 % to be thought of as a good one. 30 to 50 % descent and greater than 50 % is considered poor.Operating margin of 25 % or greater is good, 10 % to 25 % descent, and less than 10 % is below average (2008) Ratio comparison provides important information to businesses and potential investors and shareholders. However, although ratio calculation provides a glimpse of the financial status, of a company, it can be misleading if not interpreted properly. Fluctuations occur from quarter to quarter and numbers can change, depending upon sales, stocks, revenue, and operating cost. Ratio comparison is a valuable toot if caution is taken into consideration.

Good and Bad of Customer Service - 1142 Words

Over the 2010 Spring Semester time frame I have encountered many positive and negative customer service experiences. Customer service (ch.1 pg. 6) can be defined as â€Å"The ability of knowledgeable, capable, and enthusiastic employees to deliver products and services to their internal and external customers in a matter that satisfies identified and unidentified needs.† In other words, it is the ability of a company and its employees to supply their customers’ wants and needs. Some organizations have well developed customer services departments, while other are lacking in this division. The amount of effort a business puts into their customer service training will drastically change the quality of service its customers receive. The most†¦show more content†¦Since I am a waitress who happens to love sushi, I have taken advantage of this amazing discount every Monday night for the past five months. Being such a loyal customer one would expect to get top service , which is usually the case. Except for this one particular Monday in March when my Neighbor, Damian, and I got sat in a new servers section. Being a server myself, and knowing how it is to be the new girl, I had adjusted my customer expectations (ch.7 pg.166). Darcy, the new server, did not even come close to meeting my lowered standards. She did everything one could possibly do wrong. She apparently had a huge crush on Damian, and was not shy about it at all. Everything from what she said to her body language (ch.4 pg.89) was done in a flirty manner. At first I figured she just thought being extra nice would get a good tip, but she took it way passed that. Once I started ordering my food, I noticed that she was paying absolutely no attention to a thing I was saying. She was completely focused on my neighbor. This is something I found personally offensive, but what she did next was just an embarrassment to all servers. Once our food came Darcy sat down next to Damian and started ea ting right off of his fork. I could not believe what I was seeing. Bruce Buschel published 100 Things Restaurant Staffers Should Never Do, which points out certain things that are just unacceptable, no matter how new you may be to serving. He states things like, â€Å"Do not announce yourShow MoreRelatedGood or Bad Customer Service Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesA large part of being a good service provider is ensuring customer convenience. Study findings show that strong leadership systems focus on customers, motivate employees, and implement their customer service vision. They also focus great attention on gathering the information needed to track customer satisfaction, and employees overall performance. Customer service should be designed and delivered seamlessly from the customers point of view. Customer-driven operations lead to success. DecentralizedRead MoreEssay about Service Recovery 949 Words   |  4 PagesIn providing services to the customers, service recovery is a missing element. The effective service recovery process attracts customers as well as leaves a positive impact on them. Process of service recovery brings customers from their bad feelings and perceptions to the positive edge. Effective service recovery process is a major element in maintaining customer’s satisfaction and loyalty. (John Tschohl) The service recovery means the service provider taking some effective actions or steps toRead MoreCustomer Service Within The Workplace1346 Words   |  6 PagesBASICS OF CUSTOMER SERVICE WITHIN THE WORKPLACE The Echo 2012 Global Customer Service Barometer stated that â€Å"Nearly a third of consumers believe that businesses are now paying less attention to providing good customer service† (3). Since business to customer interaction is a vital component in today’s economy, customer service is an essential topic that must be improved to consider a business successful with its attended audience. Formatting of this report includes the discussion of the conceptsRead MoreThe Rise Of Social Media1248 Words   |  5 PagesWhile the benefits of customer service and customer success are plentiful, many businesses still don’t pay enough attention to good customer service. This is partly because in the past, companies were a bit less likely to suffer greatly even if they didn’t always put the customer first. But the technological revolution has changed the way businesses need to look at customer service. The above benefits have become even more relevant and getting the customer service culture right can make or breakRead MoreCustomer Service Skills854 Words   |  4 PagesCUSTOMER SERVICE SKILLS 09/26/2012 PRESENTED TO WENDY HORTON CUSTOMER SERVICE CLASS PREPARED BY TYNITRIA JOHNSON Customer service is a very important factor in today’s society. Customer is any relationship, conversation, or interaction an employee has with a customer. Good customer service is the key to a successful business. I learned some things out this class that are relevant to me. I can use them throughout my career. I interviewed three people, as following, for thisRead MoreThe Customer Revenge Case Study970 Words   |  4 PagesBusiness Review Case Study : The Customers’ Revenge by Dan Ariely (December 2007) As an introduction of this case, a little recall of the facts may not harm anyone. Atida is a 70 year old motor company, producing and selling stylish and innovative cars and they have just launched a new one on the market : the Andromeda XL. The brand has many loyal customers and devoted fans among various clubs and communities. Jim MacIntire and his colleagues from the customer service department have tried to enhanceRead MoreCustomer Service Of Health Care1463 Words   |  6 PagesManagement 2213 26 November 2015 Customer Service in Health Care Customer services is a very important part of managing ongoing client/patient relationships, because they are the key to bringing in revenue. The concept of customer service is to deliver outstanding services so the customers will have a great experience. I currently work in the healthcare industry and the company that I work for is starting to have training and meetings to improve customer service to our clients to help increase ourRead MoreGood Consumer Service: Company of Choice1032 Words   |  5 Pagesbusiness the main key is to have good customer service. The standpoint for any salespersons is to how they present themselves in the company. Companies that show extremely good customer service will normally become the company of choice because with good customer service comes with more customers from other companies. With good service support it is the easiest route to success in building a strong company with custom relations. When a customer sees that good service is provided they will most likelyRead MoreCustomer Complaints And Why It Is Important For Improving Customer Experience For The Future1738 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: I have chosen to write my reflective essay on customer complaints and why it is important to handle them effectively, how to learn from complaints and how my workplace can use a complaint as a way of improving customer experience for the future. Reflective learning encourages development and new approaches to learning (Brockbank et al, 2002). From what I understand, the purpose of reflective writing is to help us recognise the way we work at a deeper level. It is a process in whichRead MoreCustomer Service For Health Care1292 Words   |  6 PagesCustomer Service in Health Care Customer services is a very important part of managing ongoing client/patient relationships, because they are the key to bringing in revenue. The concept of customer service is to deliver outstanding services so the customers will have a great experience. I currently work in the healthcare industry and the company that I work for is starting to have trainings and meetings to improve customer service to our clients to help increase our patient satisfaction levels

Where Tech Savvyness Ends And Where Being A Geek Begins

As we move further and further into a more technological age, lines begin to blur between where tech savvyness ends and where being a Geek begins. I have been working with computers since I was 8 years old. I remember the good old days where I would sit there with my dad watching him play Zork for hours on end. In fact that game is one of the reasons I started writing. This was in the mid to late 80 s and the machines had no hard drives and ran completely off of 5 1/4 inch floppy disk s. This was all fun and games, but I didn t learn much from the experience. I did however learn to maneuver through the DOS operating system as well as how to execute programs. My real experience didn t start till around June of 1992. I live in the San Bernardino California area. If you know any history of the area, in June 1992 there was a massive 7.3 earthquake that shook San Bernardino quite harshly. Shopping malls all around the area had the roofs cave in. This was a great tragedy but for us a g reat learning experience. Because of the earthquake the malls were forced to send all of their computer equipment to the land-fills for insurance purposes, wither they were damaged or not. This is where my real experience started. My father brought home three PC s that looked more like junk than computers. With a bit of elbow grease we were able to salvage parts from one of the PC s and get the other two working. The obviously more powerful PC my dad decided to keep for himself and I got

John Locke And John Stuart Mill - 1451 Words

Did the arguments of classical liberals, such as John Locke and John Stuart Mill, serve to legitimate European imperialism and the dispossession of indigenous peoples? John Locke has been informally known as the grandfather of liberalism. Similarly, John Stuart Mill is regarded as one of the early pioneers of the philosophy of liberalism (Armitage, n.d.). However, both of these liberalists have also been known to openly support the concept of empiricism. While no fool can tell that empiricism and liberalism are directly antagonist in nature and do not go hand in hand. How does this even make sense then? It is pertinent to look into the roots of the aforementioned concepts and decipher whether they negate or reinforce each other. Since its†¦show more content†¦Europeans have had always favoured colonialism perhaps due to the growing population pressures. Hence, it was always convenient to move towards a new area when the previous one became too cramped (Smith, 1991). The concept of British imperialism was justified on the grounds of self-proclamation of what is a human being and how they should function in societies (Toll, 2009). Parekh rightly notes that the North American natives were for long thought to be beasts with human bodies and this concept directly led to the higher value of the life of the imperialists. Christians, too, started exploiting on the natives under the pretext of their moral enlightenment (Parekh, 1997). This was the â€Å"Civilizing Project†, which paved way for attributing colonialism to something good rather than a blessing on the natives. The Classical Liberal theory rests in its very core on the foundation of equality of life and individuality of all humans. Hence, liberals perpetrate the idea of personal freedom and choice to go about one’s business as long as it doesn’t infringe or interfere with the rights of the other (Heywood, 2002). Locke was of the opinion that each individual is bestowed with certain versatile features which are distinct as must be respected. In an ideal form of government, every individual is hence free to pursue all that his individuality allows him to (Parekh, 1997). He believed that humans possess the ability to reason and cognition whichShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke And John Stuart Mill s On Liberty Essay1200 Words   |  5 Pagesthe role the individual plays in society and to the state. Whereas, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and John Stuart Mill have developed a more modernized conception of liberty and the role of the individual to the state and society. Plato’s work th e Republic, and Aristotle’s works of literature Nicomachean Ethics, and Politics will be contrasted against Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan, John Locke’s Second Treatise, and John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty. The literature works of the Political Philosophers mentioned previouslyRead MoreStuart Mill and John Locke Conception of Freedom Essay1913 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction John Locke (1632-1704) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) are two important thinkers of liberty in modern political thought. They have revolutionized the idea of human freedom at their time and have influenced many political thinkers afterwards. Although their important book on human freedom, John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Government (1689) and John Mill’s On Liberty (1859), are separated 170 years, some scholars thinks that they are belonging to the same conceptual tradition, EnglishRead MoreJohn Locke And John Stuart Mill s On Liberty Essay1748 Words   |  7 Pagesthe role the individual plays in society and to the state. Whereas, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and John Stuart Mill have developed a more modernized conception of liberty and the role of the individual to the state and society. Plato’s work the Republic, and Aristotle’s works of literature Nicomachean Ethics, and Politics will be contrasted against Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan, John Loc ke’s Second Treatise, and John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty. The literature works of the political philosophers mentioned previouslyRead More Comparing John Locke, John Stuart Mill, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau2026 Words   |  9 PagesComparing John Locke, John Stuart Mill, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau John Locke, John Stuart Mill, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau all dealt with the issue of political freedom within a society. John Lockes â€Å"The Second Treatise of Government†, Mills â€Å"On Liberty†, and Rousseau’s â€Å"Discourse On The Origins of Inequality† are influential and compelling literary works which while outlining the conceptual framework of each thinker’s ideal state present divergent visions of the very nature of man and hisRead MoreJohn Locke and John Stuart Mills Definition of Freedom Essay2029 Words   |  9 PagesJohn Locke and John Stuart Mills Definition of Freedom John Locke believes that man ought to have more freedom in political society than John Stuart Mill does. John Lockes The Second Treatise of Government and John Stuart Mills On Liberty are influential and potent literary works which while outlining the conceptual framework of each thinkers ideal state present two divergent visions of the very nature of man and his freedom. John Locke and John Stuart Mill have different views regarding howRead MoreLocke vs Mill1618 Words   |  7 Pagesby two of the greatest English philosophers, John Locke and John Stuart Mill. Locke and Mill men will attempt to uncover the mysteries of Liberty and Freedom and unveil the importance of being free. This essay will look at John Locke’s principle works† Second Treatise of government† and John Stuart Mills. â€Å" On Liberty and Other Essays†. This essay will attempt to compare and contrast Lockes ideology on Liberty and Freedom to that of Mill. John Locke was one of the greatest philosopher in EuropeRead MoreShould Slave Contracts be Legal?1278 Words   |  6 Pageswithout coercion are justified in a free society. The philosophies that best illustrate this moral idea are Robert Nozick’s theory of libertarianism and Fredrick Douglass’s theory of coerced slavery; and it is best negated by John Stuart Mill’s theory of utilitarianism and John Locke’s theory of classical libertarianism. Robert Nozick’s theory of libertarianism does specifically affirm non-coerced slave contracts, however Nozick best describes his reasoning in his work Anarchy State and Utopia, claimingRead MoreThe Protest Of The United States1576 Words   |  7 Pagesthat they are never ignored (Mather). The main point of the Two Treaties of Government was to illustrate John Locke’s idea that all men were created equal and naturally free. He went against the ideals of Robert Filmer who believed that humans were born to be subjugated by the monarchs of their time. Like the civil rights activist who influenced the BLM movement, Ella Baker believed, John Locke agreed that people, or â€Å"Nature† had a way of governing all of mankind. There was no need for subordinationRead MoreIndividual Liberty and The Bill 94 in Quebec, Canada1077 Words   |  5 Pagesliberty, Locke believes that each individual is the judge of their own actions (Columbia Encyclopedia, 2002). All individuals have a right to be free and a right to decide how they want to live without interference from the state. (Columbia Encyclopedia, 2002). Muslim women have the right to freely cover their face without limitations or discrimination from state authority. Bill 94 would terminate the individual choice o f Muslim women and interfere with their individual rights and liberty. Locke believesRead MoreConflicting Visions of Freedom in John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty and John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Government1275 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Stuart Mill’s On Liberty and John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Government are influential literary works while which outlining the theoretical framework of each thinkers optimal state propose two conflicting visions of the very essence of man and his freedom. Locke and Mill have completely different views when it comes to how much freedom man should have in political society because they have obtained different views about man’s potential of inheriting pure or evil behavior. In chapter two

Analysis Of Carol Dweck s Mindset I Learned About Fixed Mindset And Growth Mindset Essay Example For Students

Analysis Of Carol Dweck s Mindset I Learned About Fixed Mindset And Growth Mindset Essay Throughout my life I have always coasted through everything that I have ever done. When it came to school you could describe me as an average student when compared to my friends, I always did the bare minimum that I needed to pass, when it came to outside of school it was the same thing when ever my mom or dad told me to do something I always to put in the least amount of effort to accomplish it and waited to the last minute to start doing it. When I read Carol Dweck’s Mindset I learned about fixed mindset and growth mindset, Dweck explained fixed mindset is when a person sets himself up for failure mentally, they always think they wont amount to anything so they just stop trying; while growth mindset is the exact opposite of a fixed mindset, they try to learn as much as they can, they never waver in front of anything and always believe they can accomplish anything (57). After reading the book I was to able to instantly recognize that I was an individual with a fixed mindset t hroughout my primary education and life like how Dweck described (57). Looking back at the first three years of elementary school I performed above some of my classmates, I could have even had a growth mindset during that time as I had just moved to the United States from Mexico three years prior. I still didn’t understand the language, so I wanted to learn the most I could. I would always raise my hand to ask questions about something I didn t know and I didn t care what people thought about me, I was there to learn and better myself. Every time I got home the first thing I ever did was to go to my room and finish my homework, but it wasn’t until I was in fourth grade that my growth mindset transitioned into a fixed mindset.My fixed mindset started b. . education so you guys can get a high paying job so that you don t have to work like this for the rest of your lives. As soon as I got home I enrolled into Lone Star North Harris to continue my education. I now study to learn and better myself instead of just acing the test (Dweck 61). I now know that my way of thinking like this was because of my fixed mindset, the problem in front of me wasn’t my friends or my siblings it was my idiotic way of thinking and the way I put myself down. If I had a growth mindset during those times I probably would have studied until I could understand everything and had better grades. I would have actually enjoyed middle school instead of stressing about pointless thing that I really shouldn’t have cared about. I shouldn t have cared what people thought about me instead I should have just tried to better myself to the best I could.

The Physical And Psychological Effects Of Aids Essays - HIVAIDS, HIV

The Physical And Psychological Effects Of Aids The reality of AIDS has insinuated itself into everyday life and language over the past decade. Though looked at as a foreigner, AIDS is in our entire society; employment, homes, and our intimate relationships. People with the AIDS virus feel trapped and have a desire to break away from the bondage that this horrible disease has with the person. However, running from the issue at hand only makes the problem worse. With one's own strength and the loving support of others a positive result can be attained. Ignorance is the main problem with AIDS today. Too many people are judgmental about the disease without having any knowledge of its nature. AIDS is a disease caused by the human immune deficiency virus, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which destroys one's natural ability to fight illnesses (Rodger et al. 498). HIV is the generally accepted name for the virus, however, other types have been discovered, the most common being HIV-1. HIV related illnesses include the direct effects of the virus and the effects of opportunistic infections. When a person becomes infected with the HIV virus, it causes a breakdown of the body's immune system. This breakdown lowers the immune system significantly causing the HIV virus to develop into full-blown AIDS and other harmful illnesses such as pneumonia and cancers, ultimately causing death (Rodger et al. 499). The transmission of the AIDS virus can occur in variety of ways, the most common is through unprotected sexual activity. This allows the exchange of bodily fluids between an infected and uninfected person, heterosexual or homosexual. Infected intravenous drug users also transmit the virus through the blood of a shared syringe or other drug paraphernalia. The virus can also be transmitted during a blood transfusion with contaminated blood. The final way of transmission is from mother to child, an infected mother can infect her child through her breast milk (Clarke 86). The window of time from the date of HIV infection to the development of full-blown AIDS can be longer than ten years. A person receives a diagnosis of AIDS after one of the opportunistic diseases develops. Much has been accomplished regarding the knowledge of the AIDS virus since its discovery in the early 1980's, however, even as medical treatments become stronger and offer more hope to the victims, AIDS still does not have a vaccine to cure theses victims (Clarke 92). With the knowledge of having no permanent cure, AIDS patients tend to question the illness, the people surrounding them, and also their own life. When a person is suffering in life, they experience physical and psychological threats. These threats appear to be stronger than the person's own resources (Rodger et al. 501). The annihilation of individuality, the feeling of being overwhelmed by an uncontrollable force, is the greatest threat to a human being. The AIDS virus greatly effects the victim's self esteem, body image, independence, environment, and relationships. AIDS is that uncontrollable force that threatens so many people in the world. One's body is their frame of reference, their means of expression, and a foundation for establishing and maintaining relationships. The body is a way to express thoughts, along with a means to relate with the world. When one's frame of reference is changed, their personality changes as well (Clarke 87). The AIDS virus also effects an individual's body independence. A person's independence gives courage and strength to attempt and accomplishment of personal goals. The virus makes the victim feel the exact opposite, completely powerless. Psychological theory explains that people affected by AIDS feel helpless due to trauma, traumatic stress reactions, or depression (Tsasis 555). The victims' interaction with their environment also causes these feelings of hopelessness. When a person is well, they are able to control receptivity to outside stimuli that involves surrounding information, but an infected person lacks that control. That sense of control is especially lost in a hospital sett ing. In this environment their world is altered from a comfortable locale to a foreign place. The individual no longer has control over where they are placed, with whom, or the neighboring stimuli (Tsasis 557). The illness drastically alters a person's ability to relate to others, causing loneliness and emptiness. The patient is